A revista Muitas Vozes é uma publicação com periodicidade contínua do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos da Linguagem, da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, que se constitui em um espaço de reflexão sobre questões de linguagem em suas múltiplas manifestações. Sua missão é divulgar resultados de pesquisas da área de Letras e Linguística, separadamente ou em interseção com áreas afins. E-ISSN: 2238-7196
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APRESENTAÇÃO - VOZES E RESISTÊNCIAS: DESVENDANDO IDEOLOGIAS DA LINGUAGEM E SUA ARTICULAÇÃO COM RAÇA, GÊNERO, SEXUALIDADE E CLASSE SOCIAL.
Raça, Gênero, Sexualidade e Classe em Ideologias da Linguagem
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“I AM LIVING PROOF THAT IT WORKED”: ANALYSIS FROM A DIALOGIC PERSPECTIVE OF BOLSONARO’S SPEECH AT A PRESS CONFERENCE DURING THE PANDEMIC
Este artigo analisa um excerto do discurso de Jair Bolsonaro em uma coletiva de imprensa durante a pandemia de COVID-19, mobilizando, para tanto, o conceito de signo ideológico proposto pelo Círculo de Bakhtin. Com base na teoria dialógica de Bakhtin e Volóchinov, o estudo busca demonstrar como a linguagem reflete e refrata a realidade, influenciando a consciência social e servindo a interesses ideológicos. A análise sugere que os discursos nas coletivas de imprensa operam como arenas de luta de classes, nas quais a plurivalência dos signos é utilizada para construir narrativas que favorecem o governo, influenciam a opinião pública e legitimam decisões controversas. Conclui-se que a linguagem nas coletivas de imprensa é um campo de batalha ideológico, essencial para compreender o poder discursivo na política contemporânea. Palavras-chaves: Signo Ideológico. Refração. Discurso Político. Coletiva de Imprensa.
Eleticia Elza Carneiro Podolak Strukoski
DE HOME GIRLS A WORLD GIRLS - A CASA DENTRO DE SI
Searching for metaphors in and for the literature produced by women has been one of the strands of feminist literary criticism which perceives the importance of seeing the literary production of women as a coherent set that builds unique social and cultural meanings and, in this way, enables a greater visibility for this literature, destabilizing the commonly association of authorship with masculinity. In this article, from the metaphor ‘home girls’ created to read the work of African American writers, we propose, within the literary field of South Africa, the metaphor ‘world girls’ to identify alternative representations for female identities in the literature produced by black South African authors emerging in the post-apartheid period, as well as to interpret the social function of their literary works. KEYWORDS: Feminist literary criticism; Black women’s literature; South Africa.
MASCULINIDADES NEGRAS HOMOSSEXUAIS EM NARRATIVAS AUTOBIOGRÁFICAS INTERSECCIONAIS
This article aims to uncover the subjective and social meanings of black homosexual masculinities that emerge from the autobiographical narratives of three members of the Coletivo Afrobixas in Brasília/DF. These narratives were part of a Master’s research published in the book titled Title (2020). The study and interpretation of the corpus are guided by phenomenological approaches (MOREIRA, 2004; RIBEIRO JÚNIOR, 2003) and theoretical-methodological principles on life stories and (auto)biographical narratives (JOSSO, 2004; CHIZZOTTI, 2011). The theoretical framework addresses discussions on the representations of masculinities arising from the intersectional construction (CRENSHAW, 1989) between the identity categories of blackness (MUNANGA, 2009) and homosexuality (LINS; MACHADO; ESCOURA, 2016). In this context, we offer new interpretative perspectives on the subject to understand the (re)signification that the participant narrators imprint on their experiences, especially regarding their belonging to the Afrobixas Collective and their critical reflection on socially hegemonic models and values established within this group. The selected autobiographical narratives seem to broaden the phenomenological understanding of how black homosexuals construct their masculinities, linked to issues of race, class, and sexual orientation, highlighting their racial identity in the face of other emerging aspects in their life stories. KEYWORDS: Blackness. Homosexuality. Intersectionality. Black masculinity(ies). Autobiographical narratives.
UMA ANÁLISE CRÍTICA DE LETRAS DE MÚSICAS FEMINISTAS
Within the contemporary cultural milieu, where discussions on gender dynamics and issues of equality take center stage, a fertile ground unfolds at the crossroads of music and activism. Through this perspective, this article embarks on a comprehensive and introspective examination of the lyrics embedded in a project rooted in feminism. Throughout this exploration, my objective extends beyond unraveling the superficial text, venturing into the profound realms of musical storytelling to comprehend how these melodic expressions transform into catalysts for female empowerment. Grounded in the belief that music is more than a mere artistic expression – it is both a reflection and an active sculptor of culture – my aim is to reveal the nuanced layers of meaning within the lyrics of these feminist songs, recognizing them as dynamic narratives resonating with the experiences, trials, and triumphs of women in the contemporary era.
L2 LEARNING APPLICATIONS AND THE ECONOMY OF LANGUAGES:
Dominant power systems originated from colonialism and perpetuated by globalization are reflected in language education through L2 learning apps. Linguistic ideologies shape the valuation of languages, turning them into commercial products. That impacts linguistic and cultural diversity, promoting social inequality by favoring major languages and marginalizing less spoken ones. This article on language learning apps and the economy of languages aims to analyze Duolingo. We investigate the influence of power structures, linguistic ideologies, and language commodification within language learning through the app. The selection of languages and the business model were examined, assessing whether the platform promotes linguistic and social diversity and inclusion through its teaching methods. It was found that, although Duolingo strives to promote racial-linguistic inclusion, its business model contributes to unequal learning opportunities. Additionally, the choice and prevalence of major languages reinforce the valuation of these languages and their speakers, intensifying the commodification of language.
GOVERNMENT DISCOURSES ON LAND DEMARCATION IN BRAZIL
This article examined the speeches produced during the government of Jair Messias Bolsonaro (hereinafter JMB), at the beginning of his term, focusing on the demarcation of lands for Brazilian indigenous people. The focus was on statements that mobilized actions that transferred the responsibility for demarcating lands from Funai to the Ministry of Agriculture, placing rural interests above indigenous agendas. The article also investigated the reactions of NGOs and indigenous people, specifically Apuí, Guarani Mbya Carijó and Mundurucus, who positioned themselves as voices of resistance and criticism of the necropolitical actions of the government sphere. The analysis mobilized Achille Mbembe's (2018) concept of necropolitics, which considers biopower in the decision about life and death, and the indexicality studies of Jan Blommaert (2010; 2014) and Michael Silverstein (2003) to explore how JMB's speeches reflect/refract authoritarian (Volóchinov, 2013) and violent ideologies. The results show that JMB used its sovereignty over unprotected bodies to favor a specific political group, justifying its actions in arguments based on economic development, while disregarding the rights and dignity of these people. Language was used to shape public perception and legitimize these actions, favoring economic exploitation over environmental preservation.
EXPEDIENTE E APRESENTAÇÃO DO DOSSIÊ (VOLUME 12, 2023)
Thematic dossier: Criticism and literature from abroad: transits and refuges
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Expediente do volume 11, 2022 da revista Muitas Vozes.
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THE LYRIC STAINED GLASS OF “AS MÃES DA SÍRIA”. ISABEL AGUIAR AND THE TRACES OF THE OUTSIDE.
In this essay, we analyse the work “As mães da Síria” (2017) by the poet Isabel Aguiar. This work was inspired by the paintings in the exhibition “O Tempo dos Sonhos”, by Mario Rita (2005). His poetic style addresses various relationships with the outside and rethinks the inbetween places and the ruins of a patriarchal world that reproduces the outcasts. His poetry thematizes and reverberates the traces of the outside in its most radical and political sense. With the help of Isabel Aguiar, we note that ruin is a paradoxical concept, like the presence of the outside. This brings us to Blanchot. According to Blanchot, the poet is always outside himself because “the poem is exile”.
O CONCEITO DE VIVER ENTRE LÍNGUAS A PARTIR DE UMA ANÁLISE DA OBRA KOSMOFONIA: MBYÁ-GUARANI
The work Kosmofonia: Mbyá-Guarani (2006), organized by Guillermo Sequera and Douglas Diegues, is a work that stands out for the quality of its anthropological analysis. The research carried out with the M'byá community along the Paraná River, however, is much more than a simple treatise about such an indigenous culture and its connection with the kósmos. The work explores a peculiar way of approaching the theme, mixing Portuguese, Spanish and Guarani, in what we can consider a “wild Portunhol”. Therefore, this article is based on studies by Benjamin (1967), Gasparini (2012), Jasinski (2021), Catonio (2018) and Molloy (2018), with the aim of analyzing the concept of “living between languages”, as well as relating the text to texts by other authors with a similar approach. This study corroborates the conception of a literary activity exclusive to border regions, in which languages are mixed and reflected in the art and culture of large regions.
A MEMÓRIA E O TEMPO HISTÓRICO EM FACE À DITADURA MILITAR NO CONTEXTO DAS UNIVERSIDADES EM O LUGAR MAIS SOMBRIO, DE MILTON HATOUM
In the trilogy, The most sombre place, Hatoum innovates his narrative technique, when working with multiple spatio-temporal planes, where, above all, the voice of the character Martim extends, who, as he composes a historical-memorial archive, draws the sociopolitical scenario of one of the most troubled and oppressive periods in recent Brazilian history. In this, the present article intends, based on her elaborations, analysismeneutics of Ricoeur, as witnesses between historical and written testimony, which configure, through the bias of the narrative, an archival. We will also make use of the research by Motta (2014), on the context of universities in the military dictatorship, to interpret the artistic-cultural and intellectual actions developed by the young people with whom Martim has a relationship at two important universities, UnB and USP.
O MOVIMENTO DA CIDADE: AS MÚLTIPLAS VOZES EM HOMBRES DE MAR, DE ÓSCAR COLCHADO LUCIO
The subject of this article is Hombres de mar by Oscar Colchado Lucio, an Andean-Peruvian writer whose titled work focuses on the Chimbote region, a fishing area that saw its peak in the 1960s. The study focuses on the migratory process that involves the characters in circumstances that establish what writer Sylvia Molloy identifies as "living between languages," as the subjects are created in a space where the established Spanish language coexists and blends with the subordinated Quechua language; where the man from the mountains contends with the man from the coast; where, in the aesthetic context, Peruvian neo-indigenous literature gives way to Andean narrative; where the voice that narrates merges with the one that writes. The aim of this study is to reflect on the impact of this movement on the construction of identities, including authorial identities, guided by heterogeneity and hybridization (Cornejo Polar). By allowing these varied nuances to combine coastal urban life with Andean cosmology, Colchado Lucio architects Chimbote as an in-between place (Silviano Santiago), where the dock is both a character and a site for dialogue and the interface of languages and voices.
A RELAÇÃO ENTRE EXÍLIO E O FORA NAS MISSIVAS DE CLARICE LISPECTOR
This essay aimed to explore some excerpts from Clarice Lispector's personal correspondence with her sisters during the years she lived outside Brazil (1944 and 1959); based on the issue of exile. The theme of exile was directed towards ‘being outside’, either in terms of territorial uprooting or as a condition of existence. For that, we used the letters organized in the book Minhas Queridas (2007), compiled by the biographer Tereza Montero, in addition, we resorted to the theoretical contributions of Edward Said and Jean-Luc Nancy. We understand that to think of exile in Clarice is to think of it as one's own, not as a property, but as an opening to the world, as proximity in the distance; Clarice's personal experience and experience as a writer testify to language and existence as a foreigner and, at the same time, as an opening of being-in-the-world, which means movement of being. With that, the ‘being outside’ in addition to crossing the speeches, it can also be considered a ‘productive network’ not only for the writer's personal life, but for the richness of the context of her literature.
A TRANSPOSIÇÃO DO POEMA À CANÇÃO EM “POEMA DA MULHER SUJA”, DE ANGÉLICA FREITAS E VITOR RAMIL: COMPATIBILIDADES E OUTROS ESPAÇOS DE SÍNCRESE ENTRE TEXTO E CANÇÃO
This article aims to analyze the extent to which traits of poetic language are compatible and incompatible with the musical language in the transposition of the poem to the song “poema da mulher suja” (2022), which has, as lyrics, the poem by Angélica Freitas of the same title, appropriated by Vitor Ramil, who, from this, produces the arrangement of the song with double authorship. In this sense, the investigation of compatibilities and incompatibilities in “poema da mulher suja”, by traversing the concepts of figurativization, passionalization and thematization suggested by Luiz Tatit in A canção: eficácia e encanto (1986), it exposes new associations between the linguistic and musical components, putting into question the notion of effectiveness of the song and, thus, the integral preservation of the aesthetic paradigm.
EMANCIPAR A SUBJETIVIDADE: NOTAS SOBRE RECADO AO PARENTE, DE GUSTAVO CABOCO WAPICHANA
"Recado ao parente: fortificar nossos elos" (2020) is one of the works by Gustavo Caboco Wapichana, an indigenous multi-artist. As characteristic of the author's artistic endeavors, this piece is crafted using diverse languages - verbal, visual, and sonorous - and stands out for its poetic fertility and exploration of ethical, political, and vital themes pertaining to indigenous peoples' existence. One of the most thought-provoking aspects raised is the pressing need to cultivate unsubmissive and emancipated subjectivities. In essence, to exercise the vital power of creation (Rolnik, 2019), fostering subjective practices becomes imperative, with artistic and sensitive experiences emerging as particularly effective means for this purpose. Thus, to fully affirm life and avoid its numbing effects, the cultivation of affective-creative practices becomes indispensable, recognizing them as substantive nutrients to confront the "Colonial Coma" (Caboco, 2022).
A ESCRITA DE MULHERES NEGRAS COMO UM DISPOSITIVO QUE TENSIONA E SUBVERTE A TEORIA LITERÁRIA
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large JgzqYd RES9jf tw-ta" dir="ltr" style="max-height: 999999px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px; line-height: 28px; color: #202124; background-color: #f8f9fa; border: none; padding: 10px 0.14em 10px 0px; position: relative; margin: -10px 0px; resize: none; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; width: 400px; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-placeholder="Tradução">The question regarding the definition of what constitutes or does not constitute a case of authorship in literary texts is a rather long debate that continues as a generator of great controversies. However, what can be seen is that such concepts were produced from a place of being able to settle down - intellectual, white and European men - despite not having their places of enunciation duly marked. Roland Barthes, as one of the great exponents working on the notions of authorship from a structuralist paradigm, argues that writing would rely on a supposed neutrality of language and the dissociation of the body and history of the one who writes, thus maintaining that the beginning of writing would be marked by the death of the author. Black women's writing openly denounces the impossibility of a language that proposes to be neutral, opening a powerful space for tensioning and questioning the canon and hoping for the construction of a decolonial, ethical, aesthetic and political paradigm.
O EXÍLIO DA PESSOA NEGRA: UM DIÁLOGO ENTRE CONCEIÇÃO EVARISTO E TITUS KAPHAR
This paper is dedicated to present an approach between literature and other arts, more specifically between the poetry of Conceição Evaristo and the paintings of Titus Kaphar. We focus our analysis on the poems "Vozes-mulheres" and "Certidão de óbito" by the Brazilian poet, and the paintings "A space to forget" and "From a tropical space" by the American painter. For this purpose, we conduct an analytical gesture from an exilic perspective, which we recognize as representing the condition of black individuals in American territories, strongly marked in the works of Conceição Evaristo and Kaphar, in a tone of denunciation. The analysis is supported by the studies of Said (2002), Nancy (1996), Pacheco (2022), Kilomba (2019), and Pollak (1992).
PAULO AUGUSTO E A POESIA HOMOERÓTICA: TRANSGRESSÃO E PIONEIRISMO EM FALO
The 20th century was marked by the ascension of the social movements' reclamation of visibility over oppressed bodies. This change had extreme importance so these bodies could have the presence they have nowadays in different sectors. Making way, for instance, to their literature representations. However, In the Brazilian scene, queer literature's place is still uncertain and it's clear that many authors and texts stay at its borders. This way, through a work of rescue, this research offers to recover aspects from the work “Falo” (phallus), written by Paulo Augusto, Brazilian writer who published his first book during the 70's in an assertive, acid tone in the middle of a militar dictatorship. As theoretical reference, this research has names such as Judith Butler, Michel Foucault, Guacira Lopes Louro, Richard Miskolchi. In this context, using Queer Theory's aspects (as an example/base), this research went through three poems ("Avant-premiere", "Vae Victis" and "Estatuto"). Looking how these texts deal with subjects like social impositions of a gender, the repression over dissident bodies for a cisheteronormative standard of sex/gender and the marginal position these bodies. This way, this research intends to give visibility to an author who, although being a pioneer on homoerotic poetry's exploration, ended up being erased by critics.
HETERONOMIA E RESISTÊNCIA: POROSIDADE E EXTERIOR EM CERTA POESIA BRASILEIRA
Based on Florencia Garramuño's idea of heteronomy, this article analyses some contemporary brazilian poems and poets. According to my hipothesis, many of the latter make use of devices that underline poetry as a permeable kind of speech, depicting its (non-)identity not through a discourse of specificity or particularity. In doing so, part of brazilian contemporary poetry places itself in an expanded field that 1) abdicates any transcendence regarding other kinds of discoursive production in the social field and 2) reconceptualize the ideia of social critique, that henceforth cannot be legitimized from an exterior/transcendent position. Finally, in order to clarify such problems, I compare Garramuño's paradigm to Iumna Simon's understanding of the possible relations between literatura and politics.
DISCOURSE BY/ABOUT A DRIFT CHARACTER IN THE STORY “AMOR” BY CLARICE LISPECTOR
Silencing, invisibility, inferiority, standardization of bodies and behaviors are words that cross and constitute the discourses that have traced the history of women, who have always been subjectivized by historically engendered truths. Truths that argue from their body, their sexuality, their way of being and living in the world. In this context, there is Ana, the female protagonist of Clarice Lispector's short story "Amor", who, at a certain moment in her story, goes through an epiphany, being adrift, that is, on the threshold of the new world that presents itself before her. Thus, this article aims to shed light on this woman, summoning, on the one hand, Foucauldian Discursive Studies, notably the concepts of discourse, subject and truth as proposed by Michel Foucault; on the other hand, and in addition, the perspective of literature outside itself, based on the discussions of Natalia Brizuela and Florencia Garramuño, in order to bring together the reflections around a transgressive body that leads us to consider the limits, means and extremes present since the endo f the 1960s, resulting in a literature called by Brizuela as "conceptual". The analysis points to other possible ways to read contemporary literature, especially writing undertaken by women.
Entretien avec le Professeur Docteur Dominique Rabaté
O ensaísta, crítico e professor de literatura francesa moderna e contemporânea na Université Paris VII, Dominique Rabaté, nos concedeu no ano de 2019 essa pequena entrevista que teve como temas o seu livro Désirs de disparaître. Une traversée du roman français contemporain (2015) e La Passion de l'impossible. Une histoire du récit au xxe siècle (2018); o curso que ministrava na Paris VI na ocasião; e por fim, ainda nos ofertou uma reflexão delineadora do papel do professor e do campo dos Estudos Literários nos dias de hoje.
SILVIANO-SAMUEL: OS CONTORNOS HÍBRIDOS ENTRE ESCRITOR, AUTOR E NARRADOR EM O FALSO MENTIROSO
The tensions between fiction and non-fiction have become more visible in 21st century’s brazilian narratives, allowing for discussion about the factual nature of the events being narrated. Drawing on this debate, we propose a critical-interpretive analysis of Silviano Santiago’s work O falso mentiroso (2004) and its composition as a novel that simulates an autobiography. Specifically, we identify and discuss the contours among the elasticity of contemporary novelistc language, primarily driven by a memorialistic return. We highlight certain references that underpin our discussion: a) the structural definitions of autofiction by Martin (2014), Nogueira (2018) and Santiago (2018); b) contemporary literary theories by Hutcheon (1992), Ginzburg (2012), and Fuks (2016; 2017); c) ideas about the category of memory proposed by Seligmann-Silva (2002) and Sarlo (2007). In the conclusions, we emphasize the condition of a hybrid character in the work, on the verge of a new fiction constructed through the pact of ambiguity in the narration of a subject who, fragmented by trauma, invents their origin through novelict creation.
BLACKING CRITICISM: THROUGH AN EXPERIENCE FROM THE OUTSIDE
The proposed article has as its central objective to blacken literary criticism and, along with it, the experience of the outside. For this movement, it is necessary to decolonize the “outside” as it was thought in Western, Eurocentric molds and to decolonize criticism, which is white, cis and heterosexual. As theoretical-epistemological contributions, we will bring the black literature of Conceição Evaristo (1996) and black feminism to tension canonical criticism, the authorized discourse of white supremacy, imperial and patriarchal. We will take the risk and think of the crossroads as an experience of the outside or as a machinic-political agency of the black people. We will propose lines of escapes, transits and displacements necessary to expand the semantics of criticism and legitimize the critical look, so that we, black subjects, can think about literary criticism and our multiple processes of subjectivation. One of the expected and expected results is that we, as black people, need to raise our voices so that our story can be told by black hands. Finally, it is concluded that we need to tension this criticism that originated from a discursive authorization regime, to potentiate new experiences from the outside and new processes of subjectivation, starting from ourselves, having black literature as our powerful crossroads of struggle and emancipation.
EM PASSO DE TANGO NO CALOR CARIOCA: ERRÂNCIA E DESPERTENCIMENTO EM TODOS OS PECADOS DO MUNDO, DE NORBERTO PRESTA
Inserted in the debate on the manifestations of the “Thought of outside” in the context of contemporary Latin American literature, I propose a reading of the wandering movements of the character Manuel, of Argentine origin, through Rio de Janeiro in Todos os pecados do mundo: a carioca novel. I take, as principles, the concept of “foreigner”, by Néstor Canclini (2016) and Julia Kristeva (1994) to analyze the deterritorialized identity of the protagonist of the plot. Manuel's strangeness, understood basically through his way of walking and his peculiar attempts to root himself in the city, allows to conclude that he inhabits an in-between place between cultures that conforms the symbolic representation of the lack of belonging. I also allude to the nature of the outside present in the constitutive transit of the novel, as a fiction, with autofictional or alterfictional forms, as proposed by Evandro Nascimento (2017), and between the status of fiction and the testimony of the world, according to the understanding of Julián Fuks (2017).
DUAS VERSÕES DO FORA: DISTINÇÃO E DISSOLUÇÃO
In the linguistic turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, which questions the alleged neutrality of language, the outside was a strategy employed by certain thinkers, especially German and French ones, to escape the positivism of knowledge discourses. As a critical gesture towards modernity, this reflective position does not assert something, but unfolds discourses infinitely, even denying some of the most cherished elements of modern literature such as the authorship and the work of art. This permeates authors like Novalis, Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, Georges Bataille, Roland Barthes, Michel Foucault, and Maurice Blanchot. Focusing on the last one, especially his book "The Infinite Conversation" (1969), this paper discusses how the thought of the outside takes shape in two chronotopes, the 1800s and the 1970s, highlighting its influence on the respective understandings of literature. Finally, it reflects on its manifestation in contemporary Brazilian literature, in particular Hilda Hilst’s and Juliano Garcia Pessanha’s fiction.
QUANDO PATRÍCIA LINO RECICLA ANA HATHERLY: A NÃO ORIGINALIDADE PARÓDICA EM VARIAÇÕES SOBRE A SAUDADE (2021)
O presente artigo pretende analisar a "Variação XVIII, Ana", publicada na antologia Variações sobre a Saudade (2023), de Patrícia Lino, a partir de, principalmente, as perspectivas de literatura não original e de paródia propostas, respectivamente, por Marjorie Perloff (2013) e Linda Hutcheon (1985). Dessa forma, entende-se que a "Variação XVIII, Ana", ao variar o poema "O Terceiro Corvo", de Ana Hatherly, faz uma paródia não original desta produção, visto que Lino, ainda que reconheça o legado da PO.EX e dele se aproprie, corrige-o moralmente, intervindo no poema.
SOBRE LITERATURA MENOR: A ESCRITA DE DIAMELA ELTIT
For a long time, the literary canon dictated the rules within literature, space that was mostly occupied by white men. From Cultural Studies, it has been possible to make room for literatures written by another part of the population, such as women, and so we can now study the writing of Diamela Eltit. The author writes about marginalized minorities from the point of view of someone who lived through the dictatorship of Chile being part of a collective that acted strongly against the dictatorial period, having written and published her first novel at that time. From this, we will talk about the writing of Diamela Eltit and about how it inserts itself into the literary world as a minor literature, from authors such as Deleuze and Guattari (1975) and Lértora (1993), so that it is possible to analyze how Diamela's literature fits into this concept of minor literature and how the markers of her writing coincide with the characteristics of the minor literatures. We understand, finally, that the markers of Diamela's writing characterize her as an author of minor literature, and that writing about these topics covered in this type of literature are fundamental for the formation of the subject.
ART / RESISTANCE – THE AESTHETIC EDUCATION IN SARAMAGO’S WORK
ABSTRACT: From Manual de Pintura e Caligrafia (1977) onwards Saramago proposes an aesthetic education towards resistance, similar to Peter Weiss in Ästhetik des Widerstands (1975–81). In dialogue with distinct works of Art, both authors redefine the aesthetic perception of the horrors of human civilization, as opposed to the horror’s sublimation in the Enlightenment. In the case of Saramago, the question of the pathetic appears in O ano da morte de Ricardo Reis (1984) and leads, a decade later, to the radical denial of the sublimation of horror in O Ensaio sobre a Cegueira (1995). Keywords: aesthetics of resistance. sublimation of horror. José Saramago. Peter Weiss.
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Apresentação para o dossiê "Escrever o século XIX".