Entre o voto e a seringa
desinformação e instrumentalização política dos discursos antivacinais em perspectiva transnacional
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5212/RevistaPautaGeral.v.12.25203Palavras-chave:
Desinformação, Discursos antivacinais, Instrumentalização política, Hesitação vacinal, Revisão narrativa comparativa transnacionalResumo
Mais do que reflexo de ignorância, os discursos antivacinais se tornaram artefatos simbólicos e políticos de alta densidade. Este artigo analisa a instrumentalização política desses discursos em quatro blocos geopolíticos (América Latina, Europa, Ásia e América do Norte), com base na metodologia da Revisão Narrativa Comparativa Transnacional (RNCT). A politização das vacinas — intensificada pela pandemia de COVID-19 — evidenciou o poder performativo da recusa vacinal como linguagem de alinhamento ideológico. No Brasil, por exemplo, a rejeição da Coronavac assumiu contornos eleitorais, articulando desconfiança científica, identidades políticas e disputas simbólicas. A análise abrange não apenas o conteúdo da desinformação, mas os afetos que a sustentam, os atores que a propagam e os silêncios estruturais que a tornam eficaz. Ao deslocar o foco da veracidade para a gramática simbólica da eficácia discursiva, o estudo contribui para compreender a desinformação como disputa política por sentido e autoridade.
Downloads
Referências
ALBRECHT, Don. Vaccination, politics and COVID-19 impacts. BMC Public Health, v. 22, p. 96, 2022. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12432-x. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
ALONSO DEL BARRIO, David; GATICA-PEREZ, Daniel. Examining European Press Coverage of the Covid-19 No-Vax Movement: An NLP Framework. In: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Workshop on Multimedia AI against Disinformation (MAD '23). New York: ACM, 2023. p. 52–59. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1145/3592572.3592845. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
BACONG, Adrian M. et al. Modes of COVID-19 Information and Vaccine Hesitancy Among a Nationally Representative Sample of Asian Americans: The Moderating Role of Exposure to Cyberbullying. AJPM Focus, v. 2, n. 4, 2023. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focus.2023.100130. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
BATES, Benjamin R. et al. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Three Latin American Countries: Reasons Given for Not Becoming Vaccinated in Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Health Communication, v. 37, n. 12, p. 1465–1475, 2022. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2022.2035943. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
CATAPANG, Jasper Kyle; CLEOFAS, Jerome V. Topic Modeling, Clade-assisted Sentiment Analysis, and Vaccine Brand Reputation Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccine-related Facebook Comments in the Philippines. In: 2022 IEEE 16th International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC), 2022. p. 123–130. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSC52841.2022.00026. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
DIRUSSO, Chelsea; STANSBERRY, Kathleen. Unvaxxed: A cultural study of the online anti-vaccination movement. Qualitative Health Research, v. 32, n. 2, p. 317–329, 2021. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323211056050. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
EBELING, Régis et al. Analysis of the Influence of Political Polarization in the Vaccination Stance: The Brazilian COVID-19 Scenario. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, v. 16, n. 1, p. 159–170, 2022. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19281. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
FARIA, Clara et al. Understanding and addressing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in low and middle income countries and in people with severe mental illness: Overview and recommendations for Latin America and the Caribbean. Frontiers in Psychiatry, v. 13, 2022. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.910410. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
GALLEGOS, Miguel; PECANHA, Viviane de Castro; CAYCHO-RODRÍGUEZ, Tomás. Anti-vax: the history of a scientific problem. Journal of Public Health, v. 45, n. 1, p. e140–e141, 2023. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdac048. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
GIANNOULI, Iliana et al. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: analyzing anti-vaccine rhetoric on Greek Facebook. Online Media and Global Communication, v. 3, n. 2, p. 235–260, 2024. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1515/omgc-2024-0008. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
GRIFFITH, Janessa; MARANI, Husayn; MONKMAN, Helen. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Canada: Content Analysis of Tweets Using the Theoretical Domains Framework. Journal of Medical Internet Research, v. 23, n. 4, e26874, 2021. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/26874. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
JONES, David; MCDERMOTT, Monika L. Partisanship and the Politics of COVID Vaccine Hesitancy. Polity, v. 53, n. 3, p. 377–402, 2021. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1086/719918. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
KAELBLE, Hartmut. Comparative and transnational history. Ricerche di Storia Politica, Special Issue, p. 15–24, 2017. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1412/87615. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
KARAFILLAKIS, Emilie et al. Vaccine hesitancy among healthcare workers in Europe: A qualitative study. Vaccine, v. 34, n. 41, p. 5013–5020, 2016. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.029. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
KATA, Anna. Anti-vaccine activists, Web 2.0, and the postmodern paradigm: an overview of tactics and tropes used online by the anti-vaccination movement. Vaccine, v. 30, n. 25, p. 3778–3789, 2012. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.112. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
KHADAFI, Rizal et al. Hashtag as a new weapon to resist the COVID-19 vaccination policy: a qualitative study of the anti-vaccine movement in Brazil, USA, and Indonesia. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, v. 18, n. 1, 2022. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2022.2042135. Acesso em: 20 jun 2025.
KOCKA, Jürgen. Para além da comparação. Esboços, v. 21, n. 31, p. 279–286, 2014. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7976.2014v21n31p279. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
MATOS, Camila Carvalho de Souza Amorim; AVELINO-SILVA, Vivian I.; COUTO, Márcia Thereza. The politicisation of vaccines and its influence on Brazilian caregivers’ opinions on childhood routine vaccination. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, v. 30, n. 1, p. e08102023, 2025. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232025301.08102023. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
MUKHERJEE, Shagata et al. To Jab or Not to Jab? A Study on COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in India. arXiv preprint, 2022. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2212.10914. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
NOGARA, Gianluca et al. Misinformation and Polarization around COVID-19 vaccines in France, Germany, and Italy. In: Proceedings of the 16th ACM Web Science Conference (WEBSCI '24). New York: ACM, 2024. p. 119–128. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1145/3614419.3644020. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
OCHIENG, Candy et al. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: A Cross-Sectional Study of Visible Minority Canadian Communities. Vaccines, v. 13, n. 3, p. 228, 2025. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13030228. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
ORTIZ-SÁNCHEZ, Elena et al. Analysis of the anti-vaccine movement in social networks: a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v. 17, n. 15, p. 5394, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155394. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
PAOLETTI, Giordano et al. Political context of the European vaccine debate on Twitter. Scientific Reports, v. 14, p. 4397, 2024. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54863-7. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
PURI, Neetu et al. Social media and vaccine hesitancy: new updates for the era of COVID-19 and globalized infectious diseases. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, v. 16, n. 11, p. 2586–2593, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1780846. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
ROBERTI, Julieta et al. Barriers and facilitators to vaccination in Latin America: a thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, v. 40, n. 6, e00165023, 2024. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311XEN165023. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
RODRIGUES, Flinta et al. The Impact of Social Media on Vaccination: A Narrative Review. Journal of Korean Medical Science, v. 38, n. 40, e326, 2023. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e326. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
ROTOLO, Bobbi. et al. Hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccines on social media in Canada. Vaccine, v. 40, n. 19, p. 2790–2796, 2022. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.024. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
SANTAELLA, Lucia. Razões e consequências do dilúvio de desinformação. Esferas, v. 15, n. 32, p. 1–15, 2025. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31501/esf.v1i32.15503. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
SCHMIDT, Ana Lucía. et al. Polarization of the vaccination debate on Facebook. Vaccine, v. 36, n. 25, p. 3606–3612, 2018. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.040. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
SUAREZ-LLEDO, Victor.; ALVAREZ-GALVEZ, Javier. Prevalence of health misinformation on social media: systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, v. 23, n. 1, e17187, 2021. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/17187. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
STEINER-KHAMSI, Gita. Understanding policy borrowing and lending: building comparative policy studies. In: STEINER-KHAMSI, G.; WALDOW, F. (org.). Policy Borrowing and Lending in Education. London: Routledge, 2012. p. 3–19. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203137628-6. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
STUETZLE, Sophie C.W. et al. Factors influencing vaccine hesitancy toward non-covid vaccines in South Asia: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, v. 25, 1246, 2025. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22462-4. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
TURNBULL, Deborah; CHUGH, Richa; LUCK, Jo. Systematic-narrative hybrid literature review: a strategy for integrating a concise methodology into a manuscript. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, v. 7, n. 1, p. 100381, 2023. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2022.100381. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
WAGNER, Markus.; EBERL, Jakob-Moritz. M. Divided by the jab: affective polarisation based on COVID vaccination status. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, p. 1–24, 2024. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2024.2352449. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
WANG, Yuxi et al. Systematic literature review on the spread of health-related misinformation on social media. Social Science & Medicine, v. 240, p. 112552, 2019. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112552. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2025.
